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再生之软件帝国-第4部分

小说: 再生之软件帝国 字数: 每页4000字

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大型机时代
早期的操作系统非常多样化,生产商生产出针对各自硬件的系统。每一个操作系统都有很不同的命令模式、操作过程和调试工具,即使它们来自同一个生产商。最能反映这一状况的是,厂家每生产一台新的机器都会配备一套新的操作系统。这种情况一直持续到二十世纪六十年代IBM公司开发了System/360系列机器。尽管这些机器在性能上有明显的差异,但是他们有统一的操作系统—;—;OS/360(在开发OS/360过程中遇到的问题在Fred Brooks写的软件工程经典之作《人月神话》中详细地叙述了) 
OS/360的成功陆续地催化出MFT、MVT、SVS、MVS、MVS/XA、MVS/ESA、OS/390和z/OS。 
小型机和UNIX的崛起
UNIX操作系统是由AT&;T公司开发出来的。由于它的早期版本是完全免费的,可以轻易获得并随意修改,所以它得到了广泛的接受。后来,它成为开发小型机操作系统的起点。由于早期的广泛应用,它已经成为的操作系统的典范。不过,它始终属于AT&;T公司,只有那些能负担的起许可费的企业才用得起,这限制了它的应用范围。 
早期的操作系统是可以被用户软件所利用的功能的集合。一些有能力的公司发展更好的系统,但他们不支持其他公司硬件的特性。 
60年代末70年代初,几种硬件支持相似的或提供端口的软件可在多种系统上运行。早期的系统已经利用微程序来在他们的系统上实现功能。事实上,除了360/165和360/168外,360/40之后的大部分360系列的机器都实行微程序设计。 
个人计算机时代:Apple, DOS 和以后
微型处理器的发展使计算机的应用普及至中小企及个人爱好者。而计算机的普及又推动了硬件组件公共接口的发展(如S…100,SS…50,Apple II,ISA和PCI总线),并逐渐地要求有一种“标准”的操作系统去控制它们。在这些早期的计算机中,主要的操作系统是8080/8085/Z…80 CPU用的Digital Research’s CP/M…80,它建立在数码设备公司(Digital Research)几个操作系统的基础上,主要针对PDP…11架构。在此基础上又产生了MS…DOS(或IBM公司的PC…DOS)。这些计算机在ROM(只读存储器)都有一个小小的启动程序,可以把操作系统从磁盘装载到内存。IBM…PC系列的BIOS是这一思想的延伸。自1981年第一台IBM…PC诞生以来,BIOS的功能得到不断地增强。 
随着显示设备和处理其成本的降低,很多操作系统都开始提供图形用户界面。如:许多UNIX提供的X Window一类的系统、微软的Windows系统、苹果公司的Mac系统和IBM公司的OS/2等。最初的图形用户界面是由Xerox Palo Alto研究中心70年代初期研发出来的,之后被许多公司模仿,继承发展。
操作系统列表
早期操作系统(专利保护)
TRS…DOS,ROM OS’s 
TI99…4 
modore PET, 64, 和 VIC…20, 
第一套IBM…PC 
Apple 
Sinclair Micro和QX等 
非Unix商业操作系统
CPM操作系统 
MP/M…80 
UCSD P…system 
Mini…FLEX 
SSB…DOS 
CP/M…86 
DR…DOS 
FreeDOS 
MS…DOS 
PC…DOS 
Mach 
Multics 
OS…9 
Unix及类似系统
UNIX 
微软Xenix 
Cromix 
UNIflex 
OS…9 
IBM的AIX 
BSD 
FreeBSD 
BSD 
OpenBSD 
Digital UNIX,即之后康柏Tru64 
DNIX 
HP的HP…UX 
GNU/Hurd 
SGI的IRIX 
Linux(或称GNU/Linux) 
MacOS X 
OSF/1 
SCO的SCO UNIX 
Sun的SunOS,即之后的Solaris 
System V 
Ultrix 
UniCOS 
LindowsOS 
OS/390 
z/OS 
Syllable 
其他
Acorn
RiscOS 
Arthur 
Amiga
AmigaOS 
Atari ST
TOS 
MultiTOS 
MiNT 
苹果电脑(Apple/Macintosh)
Apple DOS 
ProDOS 
Mac OS 
Mac OS X 
Be
BeOS 
BeIA 
Digital/康柏(paq)
AIS 
OS…8 
RSTS/E 
RSX…11 
RT…11 
TOPS…10 
TOPS…20 
VMS (后更名为OpenVMS) 
IBM
OS/2 
AIX 
OS/400 
OS/390 
VM/CMS 
DOS/VSE 
OS/360 
MFT 
MVT 
SVS 
MVS 
TPF 
ALCS 
z/OS 
微软(Microsoft)
MS…DOS 
Xenix 
Windows 1。0 
Windows 3。1 
Windows 95 
Windows 98 
Windows ME 
Windows Longhorn 
Windows NT 
Windows 3。5 
Windows 4 
Windows 2000 
Windows XP 
Windows Server 2003 
Novell
Ware 
NeXT
NeXTStep (即之后的Mac OS X) 
Plan 9 
Inferno 
Prime puter
Primos 
西门子
BS2000 
个人电子助理(PDA)操作系统
Palm OS 
Pocket PC 
EPOC 
Microsoft Windows CE 
Operating systems timeline
来源:http://。encyclopedia4u。/
This article presents a timeline of events in the history of puter operating systems from 1960 to 2003。 For a narrative explaining the overall developments, see the related History of puting。 
1961 
CTSS 
1964 
OS/360 (announced) 
1965 
Multics (announced) 
OS/360 (shipped) 
Tape Operating System (TOS) 
1966 
MS/8 
1967 
CP/CMS 
ITS 
WAITS 
1969 
ACP (IBM) 
TENEX 
Unix 
1970 
DOS/BATCH 11 (PDP…11) 
1971 
/A>; 
1972 
MFT 
MVT 
RDOS 
SVS 
VM/CMS 
1973 
Alto OS 
RSX…11D 
RT…11 
VME 
1974 
MVS (MVS/XA) 
1976 
/A>; TOPS…20
1978 
Apple DOS 3。1 (first Apple OS) 
TripOS 
VMS 
1979 
Apple DOS 3。2 
1980 
Apple DOS 3。3 
OS…9 
QDOS 
SOS 
XDE (Tajo) (Xerox Development Environment) 
Xenix 
1981 
MS…DOS 
1982 
SunOS (1。0) 
Ultrix 
1983 
Lisa OS 
Coherent 
ProDOS 
1984 
Macintosh OS (System 1。0) 
QNX 
UniCOS 
1985 
AmigaOS 
Atari TOS 
MIPS OS 
Microsoft Windows 1。0 
1986 
GS…OS 
HP…UX 
1987 
Arthur 
IRIX (3。0 is first SGI version) 
Minix 
/A>; (1。0) Microsoft Windows 2。0
1988 
A/UX (Apple puter) 
LynxOS 
MVS/ESA 
OS/400 
1989 
AIX 
NeXTSTEP (1。0) 
RISC OS 
SCO Unix (release 3) 
1990 
BeOS (v1) 
O/A>; 
1991 
Linux 
1992 
Solaris (2。0 is first not called SunOS) 
Windows 3。1 
1993 
Plan 9 
FreeBSD 
BSD 
Windows NT 3。1 (First version of NT) 
1995 
Digital Unix (aka Tru64 ) 
OpenBSD 
OS/390 
Windows 95 
1997 
Mac OS 7。6 (first officially…named Mac OS) 
1998 
Windows 98 
1999 
Mac OS 8 
2000 
AtheOS 
Mac OS 9 
Windows 2000 
Windows ME 
2001 
Mac OS X 
Windows XP 
z/OS 
2002 
Syllable 
2003 
Windows Server 2003 
External links
http://。levenez。/unix/  Timeline of UNIX history
操作系统简史(英文版)
1970 Development of UNIX operating system started。 It was later released as C source code to aid portability, and subsequently versions are obtainable for many different puters, including the IBM PC。 It and it’s clones (such as Linux) are still widely used on work and Inter servers。 Originally developed by Ken Thomson and Dennis Ritchie。
  1975 Unix marketed (see 1970)。
  1980 … October Development of MS…DOS/PC…DOS began。 Microsoft (known mainly for their programming languages) were missioned to write the Operating System for the PC, Digital Research failed to get the contract (there is much legend as to the real reason for this)。 DR’s Operating System, CP/M…86 was later shipped but it was actually easier to adapter programs to DOS rather than CP/M…86, and CP/M…86 cost 495。 As Microsoft didn’t have an operating system to sell they bought Seattle puter Product’s 86…DOS which had been written by Tim Paterson earlier that year (86…DOS was also know as Q…DOS, Quick &; Dirty Operating System, it was a more…or…less 16bit version of CP/M)。 The rights were actually bought in July 1981。 It is reputed that IBM found over 300 bugs in the code when they subjected the operating system and re…wrote much of the code。
Tim Paterson’s DOS 1。0 was 4000 lines of assembler。
1981 … August 12 MS…DOS 1。0。, PC…DOS 1。0。
Microsoft (known mainly for their programming languages) were missioned by IBM to write the operating system, they bought a program called 86…DOS from Tim Paterson which was loosely based on CP/M 80。 The final program from Microsoft was marketed by IBM as PC…DOS and by Microsoft as MS…DOS, collaboration on subsequent versions continued until version 5。0 in 1991。
pared to modern versions of DOS version 1 was very basic, the most notable difference was the presence of just 1 directory, the root directory, on each disk。 Subdirectories were not supported until version 2。0 (March, 1983)。
MS…DOS (and PC…DOS) was the main operating system for all IBM…PC patible puters until 1995 when Windows ’95 began to take over the market, and Microsoft turned its back on MS…DOS (leaving MS…DOS 6。22 from 1993 as the last version written … although the DOS Shell in Windows ’95 calls itself MS…DOS version 7。0, and has some improved features like long filename support)。 According to Microsoft, in 1994, MS…DOS was running on some 100 million puters world…wide。
1982 … March MS…DOS 1。25, PC…DOS 1。1
  1983 … March MS…DOS 2。0, PC…DOS 2。0
Introduced with the IBM XT this version included a UNIX style hierarchical sub…directory structure, and altered the way in which programs could load and access files on the disk。
  1983 … May MS…DOS 2。01
  1983 … October PC…DOS 2。1 (for PC Jr)。 Like the PC Jr this was not a great success and quickly disappeared from the market。
  1983 … October MS…DOS 2。11
  1984 … August MS…DOS 3。0, PC…DOS 3。0
Released for the IBM AT, it supported larger hard disks as well as High Density (1。2 MB) 5&;frac14;‘ floppy disks。
  1985 … March MS…DOS 3。1, PC…DOS 3。1
This was the first version of DOS to provide work support, and provides some new functions to handle working。
  1985 … October Version 2。25 included support for foreign character sets, and was marketed in the Far East。
  1985 … November Microsoft Windows Launched。 Not really widely used until version 3, released in 1990, Windows required DOS to run and so was not a plete operating system (until Windows ’95, released on August 21, 1995)。 It merely provided a G。U。I。 similar to that of the Macintosh。, in fact so similar that Apple tried to sue Microsoft for copying the ’look and feel’ of their operating system。 This court case was not dropped until August 1997。
  1985 … December MS…DOS 3。2, PC…DOS 3。2 
This version was the first to support 3&;frac12;‘ disks, although only the 720KB ones。 Version 3。2 remained the standard version until 1987 when version 3。3 was released with the IBM PS/2。
1987 Microsoft Windows 2 released。 It was more popular than the original version but it was nothing special mind you, Windows 3 (see 1990) was the first really useful version。
  1987 … April MS…DOS 3。3, PC…DOS 3。3
Released with the IBM PS/2 this version included support for the High Density (1。44MB) 3&;frac12;‘ disks。 It also supported hard disk partitions, splitting a hard disk into 2 or more logical drives。
  1987 … April OS/2 Launched by Microsoft and IBM。 A later enhancement, OS/2 Warp provided many of the 32…bit enhancements boasted by Windows ’95 … but several years earlier, yet the product failed to dominate the market in the way Windows ’95 did 8 year later。
  1987 … October/November paq DOS (CPQ…DOS) v3。31 released to cope with disk partitions >;32MB。 Used by some other OEMs, but not distributed by Microsoft。
  1988 … July/August? PC…DOS 4。0, MS…DOS 4。0
Version 3。4 … 4。x are confusing due to lack of correlation between IBM &; Microsoft and also the USA &; Europe。 Several ’Internal Use only’ versions were also produced。
This versi

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